Protocol for Emergency Administration of Epinephrine in School
The Oak Creek Franklin School District Board of Education recognizes Anaphylaxis as a potentially life-threatening medical condition occurring in allergic individuals after exposure to things such as certain foods, medicines, latex, or an insect sting. Anaphylaxis refers to a collection of symptoms affecting multiple systems in the body. The most dangerous symptoms include breathing difficulties and a drop in blood pressure or shock that are potentially fatal. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treatment of anaphylaxis, and should be given as soon as possible at the onset of symptoms.
If there were to be a student, a staff member, or other adult who developed symptoms of anaphylaxis at school, there would be a delay before paramedics or ambulance staff could arrive. Therefore, having school staff trained in recognizing anaphylaxis and quickly giving epinephrine may be life-saving. Students who have been identified as being at risk for an allergic reaction should have their own auto-injector of epinephrine at school. However, some students or adults at school may have their first anaphylactic reaction in a school setting.
Oak Creek Franklin School District allows trained individuals under a standing order to administer auto-injectable epinephrine to a child or adult at a public school or a school-sponsored activity. OCFSD protocol describes the responsibility of all schools to stock auto-injectable epinephrine on site at school, the training required by those designated to administer epinephrine in an emergency setting, and the procedures for its administration.
The annual training to school staff of emergency administration of epinephrine and recognizing anaphylaxis should be conducted by a regulated health care professional, whose competencies include the recognition of symptoms of anaphylaxis, the procedures to follow when anaphylaxis occurs, and the administration of auto-injectable epinephrine. These regulated health care professions would include but are not limited to a licensed school nurse, a certified emergency medical technician, or a licensed athletic trainer.
The standing order for auto-injectable epinephrine should be renewed annually. The school nurse maintains and makes available upon request an up-to-date list of those school personnel authorized and trained to administer auto-injectable epinephrine.
The auto-injectable epinephrine should be stored at room temperature and in a secure, unlocked, easily accessible location in the schools. The optimal temperature to store auto-injectable epinephrine is between 68°-77° F. (with an acceptable range of 59°-86° F). Keep epinephrine auto-injectors protected from excessive heat or cold. The auto-injectors should be covered and protected from light. If the solution is discolored or if it contains a precipitate, the auto-injector should be replaced. The epinephrine auto-injectors should be replaced before their expiration date.
Annual Training for All School Site Personnel in Recognizing Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
Each school should require that all school site personnel receive an annual training on the recognition of anaphylaxis and procedures to follow when anaphylaxis occurs or is suspected. The training on the recognition of symptoms of anaphylaxis and appropriate procedures should be conducted by a regulated health care professional, whose competencies include the recognition of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, and the procedures to follow when anaphylaxis occurs.
Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis (only a few may be present):
- Hives, itchy rash and/or swelling about the face, body or extremities
- Flushing and/or swelling of the face
- Itching around the eyes, redness and swelling of the eyes, and tearing of the eyes
- Itching and/or swelling of the lips, tongue or back of the throat
- Itching and /or sense of tightness in the throat, hoarseness, difficulty breathing and/or swallowing
- Itching of the outer ear canals
- Shortness of breath, repetitive coughing and /or wheezing, chest tightness, harsh high-pitched breathing (stridor)
- Weak pulse, low blood pressure
- Light headedness, feeling faint, fainting, collapse
- Nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting
- Distress, anxiety and a sense of dread
The most dangerous symptoms of anaphylaxis include breathing difficulties and a drop in blood pressure or shock that are potentially fatal.
Have trained school personnel evaluate the person and decide if the person’s symptoms indicate possible anaphylaxis.
Call 911 when anaphylaxis is suspected.
While the person is being evaluated for symptoms of possible anaphylaxis, obtain auto-injector epinephrine.
Students who have been prescribed epinephrine by auto-injector and who have their own auto-injector at the school or at a school-sponsored event should use or be given their own auto-injector epinephrine.
Obtain epinephrine from the school supply for a child or an adult who does not have a supply of their own auto-injector epinephrine.
If it is decided that the patient may have anaphylaxis, a trained and authorized person should select the appropriate dosage of auto-injectable epinephrine to administer pursuant to a standing order, and administer epinephrine via auto-injector according to the standing order (0.3mg dose if the estimated weight is 66 pounds or above; 0.15mg dose if the estimated weight is 33-66 pounds).
When possible, have the person with suspected anaphylaxis lie down with their legs elevated until the emergency responders arrive.
Maintain the person in a position that is most comfortable for breathing.
If needed, repeat the epinephrine dose pursuant to a standing order if the symptoms persist and the emergency responders have not arrived.
Once the emergency responders have arrived, inform them about the incident, the reasons for giving epinephrine, and the person’s response to the epinephrine. Give them the used epinephrine auto-injector labeled with the person’s name, date and time administered.
Advise school health personnel and school administration of the incident.
Notify a student’s parents/guardians of the incident and ask them to promptly alert the
student’s primary care doctor of the incident.
Fill out an accident report. Describe the event, the rationale for giving epinephrine, the person’s response to the epinephrine, who was involved in the event, the timing of notifications to emergency responders, school administration, student’s parents/guardians,
The person who receives epinephrine may have the following side effects: moderate anxiety; apprehensiveness; restlessness; tremor; shakiness; weakness; dizziness; sweating; heart-pounding; paleness; pallor; nausea and vomiting; and/or headache.
Even if the person improves after receiving epinephrine, he/she still needs to be taken for urgent medical evaluation since the symptoms of anaphylaxis may recur. The school and school district should review the incident involving emergency administration of epinephrine to determine the adequacy of response.